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Glossary
Here is a simple reference guide to some of the technical terms that you may come across as you explore your investment options.
A
Absolute return
The total gain or loss (as a percentage) that an investment realises over a given time period.
Accumulation shares
A common share classification, also referred to as a stock dividend, where additional shares are given in lieu of (or as an addition to) cash dividends to shareholders. It is more tax efficient than dividends, as the reinvested income is only liable for capital gains tax once the shares are sold.
Active management
Portfolio management strategy that utilises at least one fund manager, who makes investments with the objective of outperforming a comparative benchmark.
Agency Bonds
Bonds issued by a government-sponsored organisations or by a federal government department in the United States other than the US Treasury.
AIC
Association of Investment Companies. This is a collective association that represents the interests of UK investment companies, such as investment trusts, venture capital trusts and other closed-ended funds (see closed-ended investment company).
AiM
Alternative Investment Market (AiM) is the London Stock Exchange’s global market for smaller, growing companies.
All cap
A Fund that invests in equities without regard to whether a company is characterised as small, medium or large.
Alpha
The excess return generated by an investment versus a particular benchmark.
AMC
The annual fee the fund provider charges to manage the fund. It is shown as a percentage e.g, O.75%
Annualised return (%)
An annualised total return is the geometric average amount of money earned by an investment each year over a given time period.
Asset allocation
The distribution of assets across a variety of geographic regions, asset classes or sectors in order to reflect an investor’s appetite for risk versus reward.
Asset class
A method of classifying financial assets by their attributes. Types of asset class include stocks/shares, fixed income/bonds, cash, property and commodities.
Assets
The investments and cash held by an investment trust company or fund.
B
Bank of England
The UK’s central bank, responsible for the country’s monetary policy. It is owned by (and accountable to) the UK government, but is independent in the way that it operates on a day-to-day basis.
Bear market
A market in which prices fall over an extended period.
Benchmark
A target against which investment performance is measured. A benchmark is usually an index or the average performance of other similar funds.
Bid price
Shares are sold via the stock exchange at the bid price. This price is determined by supply and demand.
Blue-chips
The shares in companies with the highest status as investments that have a large market capitalisation.
Bond
A form of loan paying a generally agreed rate of interest over a fixed term, with the principal paid at maturity. Bonds may be issued by governments or companies. Bonds can generally be traded on the stock market and therefore may trade above or below their issue price.
Bond yield
The amount of return an investor earns on a bond holding.
Bottom-up investing
A method of investing in which the investor picks stocks based on the individual merit of each company, rather than the sector or economy in which that company operates.
Bull market
A market in which prices rise over an extended period.
Buy-backs
Investment trusts have the ability to buy-back a certain proportion of their shares to improve shareholder value – usually to narrow the discount. Shareholders will be asked to vote each year so that the fund manager can exercise this right as and when it is deemed suitable.
C
Capital at risk
The risk associated with the loss of some or all of the capital invested in a financial security.
Capital Gains Tax (CGT)
A tax charged on gains arising from the sale of assets. There is a CGT exemption limit set each tax year and any gains up to that will not be taxable.
Capital growth
The growth in value over time of a specific investment, which is usually taken as a percentage.
Capital return
A means of measuring performance that excludes any income/dividend income by only taking into account the change in value of the investment over time.
Capital structure
The different amounts and types of ordinary and preference shares that are in issue for an investment company.
Capital value
In real estate investing, the value of a freehold or leasehold asset.
Capitalisation
A measure of a firm’s capital value, which is calculated by multiplying the amount of outstanding shares by the current share price.
Cash equivalents
Highly liquid investments that are low risk, usually low return and are short term in nature – typically no more than 90 days. These include Treasury bills, short-term government bonds, certificates of deposit, commercial paper and other money market securities.
Cash investments
Relatively safe, liquid assets. Cash investments include Treasury bills, money-market funds, and short-term certificates of deposits.
Closed-ended investment company
A collective investment scheme, such as an investment trust, with a fixed number of shares. Closed-ended investment companies are traded on the stock exchange.
Collective investment scheme
An investment scheme in which money from more than one investor is pooled into a single fund or trust. Unit trusts, investment trusts, and open-ended investment companies (OEICs) are all types of collective investment schemes.
Contingent Convertible Bonds
Often referred to as ‘CoCos’, these are bonds that can be exchanged for company shares if certain conditions are met.
Convertible Bonds
A bond that can be converted into a pre-determined amount of a company’s shares at (or before) and agreed expiry date.
Corporate Bonds
A form of loan issued by a company in order to raise capital and an alternative to issuing stock through a rights issue. Bonds pay a fixed rate of interest over a fixed term, with the principal repaid at maturity.
Coupon
The annual interest rate stated on a bond when it’s issued, which is typically paid out in installments every six months.
Covered Bonds
Bonds backed by assets that produce cash flows, such as mortgage loans.
CPI
The Consumer Price Index is a measure of inflation. The index measures the weighted-average cost of a basket of goods and services to a typical consumer.
Credit
A contract agreed between a borrower and a lender, whereby the former receives capital in exchange for repayment to the lender at a future date. The lender will generally receive periodic interest payments.
Credit default swaps (CDS)
These are a type of insurance contract that pay out when a company or government defaults on its debts. The holders of such contracts view it as a protection, or ‘hedge’ against default.
Credit rating
An independent assessment of a company’s or government’s ability to pay its debt. Credit ratings are provided by rating agencies; changes to a company’s or government’s rating can dramatically affect the price of its bonds.
Credit risk
A type of risk in relation to debt instruments, whereby the rating of the borrower may decrease, which will make the debt instrument fall in price.
Credit spread
When two bonds share similar characteristics, such as maturity, but differ in credit quality, then this is the difference in yield between them.
D
Dealing
Buying and selling of assets.
Default
In relation to debt, when a borrower fails to make either interest or principal payments to a creditor.
Default risk
The actual risk that a borrower will default.
Derivative
A contract between two parties that derives its value from the performance of the underlying entity. This underlying entity can be an asset, index or interest rate.
Developed economy/market
Countries with high per capita income, prolonged economic growth, strong financial security and highly developed infrastructure. This allows for more efficient financial markets, fluid movement of capital and open access to investors.
Diluted Net Asset Value
A method of calculating the net asset value of a company after taking into consideration any outstanding convertible loan stock, warrants or options which are assumed to be exercised by the holders, so increasing the number of shares among which the assets are divided.
Discount
When the share price is lower than the Net Asset Value (NAV), it is referred to as trading at a discount. The discount is expressed as a percentage of the Net Asset Value.
Distribution
The way that payments of dividends, income or interest are paid out to holders of a particular financial security.
Dividend yield
The amount of income paid out by a investment trust to holders of units of the trust. It is calculated as a percentage of income relative to the net asset value of the trust.
Diversification
A portfolio construction technique where investors spread the risk by investing in a variety of different assets, which should have low correlations with each other.
Diversified Growth Fund (DGF)
Investment funds that invest in an array of different securities and seek to achieve capital growth over the long term while maintaining a low risk profile.
Dividend
Regular income paid to shareholders by the company they invest in. Typically, it is taken from the profit or cash reserves of the company.
Dividend yield
The annual dividend income per share received from a company divided by its current share price. Put simply – how much income you’re getting out of the company for the capital you’ve got locked up in it.
DMO
Debt Management Office
Duration
Not to be confused with maturity, duration measures the sensitivity of a bond (or a bond portfolio) to changes in interest rates. Bonds with longer durations are generally more sensitive to interest-rate movements.
Duration risk
The risk to a bond (or a bond portfolio) when interest rates change is known as duration risk, or interest-rate risk. When interest rate rise, bond prices generally fall. A portfolio manager manages duration risk within a fixed-income portfolio.
DWP
Department for Work & Pensions
E
Earnings per share
A relative valuation (or probability) measure, which calculates the current earnings of a company or investment trust divided by the number of ordinary shares.
EBITDA
Earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) is a measure of a company’s operating performance.
Economic cycle
The fluctuations in economic activity experienced by an economy over a period of time. It is generally characterised by four phases: boom; peak; recession; and recovery.
Emerging economy/market
Countries with a low per-head income compared to the developed world but with a functioning stock exchange. The potential for rapid growth makes emerging markets attractive for investors prepared to accept a higher level of risk. Emerging markets include Brazil, Russia, India and China. Other countries of significance include Mexico, Indonesia, South Africa, Poland and South Korea.
Equities
Shares in a company listed on a stock exchange. Shareholders are effectively the owners of the company and typically have the right to vote on company matters.
ESG
Short for Environmental, Social and Governance. Investors consider companies’ ESG risks and opportunities, and how well they are managed.
European Central Bank (ECB)
The institution in the European Union responsible for setting monetary policy for all European Union countries that use the euro.
Ex-dividend
Purchase of shares without entitlement to the most recently announced dividend.
Exchange Traded Fund (ETF)
An investment fund that is traded on an exchange and aims to offer investors low cost exposure to certain indices or targeted investment objectives.
Exposure
The amount of risk allocated to a specific security, asset, sector or industry.
F
G
H
I
ICVC
Investment company with variable capital. An open-ended investment company (abbreviated to OEIC) or investment company with variable capital (abbreviated to ICVC) is a type of open-ended collective investment formed as a corporation under the Open-Ended Investment Company.
Income shares
A type of share with a designated end date that is issued by an investment trust. It allows for shareholders to acquire the income generated by the trust throughout the timespan of the investment.
Income trust
A trust whose main objective is to provide investors with a regular income from its investments.
Income unit
A unit in an investment trust that seeks to dispense income – either interest or dividend – to holders of the unit rather than providing capital growth.
Income yield
The annualised income from an investment, taken as a percentage.
Index
A scale that measures relative changes in performance. A financial market index, such as the FTSE 100, is an imaginary portfolio of securities. The method for calculating changes in indices differs across financial markets.
Index tracking
A passive investment technique that attempts to mirror the performance of a particular benchmark, or sections of a benchmark, by purchasing assets in a similar weighting to the underlying benchmark. It is seen as a low cost way to gain exposure to the components of a benchmark without paying for active management. Index tracker funds are also exempt from stamp duty.
Index-linked bond
A type of fixed-income security in which interest payments are tied to a particular index, usually a consumer price index. (See also inflation-linked bond.)
Indirect property trust
A trust that invests in real estate vehicles such as property shares, property investment companies, REITs, limited partnerships or property unit trusts as opposed to the actual properties themselves.
Inflation
A measure of the change in the average price level of a basket of goods and services in a particular economy.
Inflation risk
The risk that an increase in inflation over time will erode the real value of an investment.
Inflation-linked bonds
A type of index-linked bond that helps to minimise inflation risk by tying principal and interest payments to movements in inflation. So, when inflation rises, the nominal value of the bond also rises.
Initial public offering (IPO)
The initial sale of shares by a company on a stock exchange, whereby a private company becomes public.
Interest
The charge for the priviledge of borrowing money, typically expressed as annual percentage rate (APR). Interest can also refer to the amount of ownership a stockholder has in a company, usually expressed as a percentage.
Interest rate
The amount that is owed from a specific amount of capital that is borrowed or saved, which is expressed as a percentage.
Interest rate risk
The risk to a bond (or bond portfolio) of changing interest rates, which is determined by the particular bond’s sensitivity to interest rates. (See also duration risk.)
Investment Association (IA)
The organisation that acts as a representative for UK investment managers.
Investment grade bonds
A corporate bond that is rated as higher quality from a ratings agency and is deemed lower risk.
Investment Manager
The company appointed by Columbia Threadneedle Investments that is responsible for the management and investment of money held within a fund.
Investment property
Real estate purchased as an investment rather than a place to live.
Investment trust
A public limited company that is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a closed-ended fund. It exists to invest in the equity of other companies with the aim of producing a return for its shareholders.
ISA
Individual Savings Account (ISA) offers tax advantages for UK-based investors. Any returns earned are free from capital gains tax and no further income tax is paid.
ISIN
‘International Securities Identification Number’, is an international standard. Every ISIN is 12 digits long, is alphanumeric, and begins with two letters representing the country of registration. (eg, Vodafone’s ISIN is GB00BH4HKS39).
Issuer
An investment trust – or other legal entity – that undertakes the process of selling financial securities. It is also obligated to maintain the day-to-day administrative activities of operating the security.
J
K
L
M
Macroeconomic
The overall, aggregate factors within an economy that affect financial markets. Examples of which include the level of economic output, employment, inflation and investment in a given country or geographical region.
Maturity
The date at which the lifespan of a financial security comes to an end, usually a fixed income instrument. Financial securities with a longer time to maturity will generally pay a higher coupon to compensate for the longer wait for principal repayment.
Mid-cap
Companies of a medium size. In the UK for example, companies between £250 million to £2 billion in size are considered mid-caps and make up indices such as the FTSE 250 Index.
MiFID II
Markets in Financial Instruments Directive II. The updated version of the European Union regulatory law on the management of investment goods and services throughout the European Economic Area.
Monetary policy
A policy action taken by governments or central banks to influence how much money is in circulation or how much it costs to borrow. Typically, monetary ‘easing’ is used to stimulate economic activity, whilst monetary ‘tightening’ is used to control the rate of inflation.
Morningstar
A financial research and asset management company that provides analytical tools and data for financial markets.
Mortgage and Asset-backed securities
Bonds backed by assets that produce cash flows, such as mortgage loans, credit card receivables and auto loans.
MSCI
Morgan Stanley Capital International. A global supplier of indices and various portfolio risk and performance analytics tools.
Multi asset
An investment that utilises various asset classes such as shares, bonds, cash and alternatives to group them together into a single portfolio.
Multi manager
An investment technique whereby a portfolio consists of investments in other specialised funds, run by different managers, in order to maintain strong diversification.
N
Near cash
Highly liquid assets that can be easily transferred into cash, such as bank deposits, Treasury bills and certificates of deposit.
Net
The total amount after costs, expenses and taxes are taken into account.
Net asset value
A key measure of the value of a company or trust – the total value of assets less liabilities.
Nominal rates duration
A measure of the sensitivity of the price of a bond or other debt instrument to a change in nominal interest rates.
Non-Investment Grade Bonds
A corporate bond that is rated as lower quality from a ratings agency and is deemed higher risk.
O
P
Passive management
A style of investment management in which a portfolio mirrors its benchmark through the purchase of securities that constitute the benchmark.
Payment date
The specific date on which a dividend is to be paid out to shareholders.
Physical asset
An asset of value that is tangible and can be freely exchanged, such as property, equipment, inventory or physical commodities.
PLC
A Public Limited Company in the UK is a limited liability company, offering shares to the public and having an authorised share capital of at least £50,000.
Portfolio
The collection of investments held by an investor or a trust.
Preference shares
Shares in a company that have a higher claim on the assets and earnings than ordinary shares. Dividends for preference shares generally must be paid out before those to ordinary shares.
Premium
The difference between the higher price paid for a fixed-income security and the security’s face amount at issue, which reflects changes in interest rates or risk profile since the issuance date.
Price/earnings ratio (P/E ratio)
A way to estimate the future earnings potential of a particular company or investment trust. It is calculated by taking the current price and dividing it by earnings per share.
Prime unit
A real estate investment regarded as the best in its class and location.
Principal
The original amount of capital loaned to an issuer of a bond, which is repaid at the maturity date.
Price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio
Price change
Principal
Private equity
Alternative investment in firms not listed on a stock exchange. Investors (which can include investment trusts or other funds) directly invest in private companies and then own a share of that company. Investors can also buy out public companies, which results in the delisting of public equity.
Private placement
The sale of assets or securities directly to a private investor, or group of investors, rather than in a public exchange.
Profit & loss (P&L)
A financial accountancy report that lists all revenue, costs and expenses that a company has over a specific time period, usually three or twelve months. Also known as an income statement.
Property Expense Ratio (PER)
A real estate ratio used to determine the profitability of operating a particular property. It is calculated by taking the total operating expenses (minus depreciation) and dividing it by the total revenue generated from the property; a lower ratio indicates the property is run more efficiently and thus is more profitable for a real estate investor.
Prospectus
A document required by law to be published on the occasion of an issue of shares or fixed interest securities to the public. A prospectus gives details of the company and the issue.
Q
R
Real estate
Physical property, which includes land and the buildings on it. It also includes both above and below-ground rights, like crops or minerals.
Real return
Adjusted performance that takes into account the impact of inflation on a financial asset. For example, if inflation outpaces the total return over a time period, then the asset has a negative real return.
Real yield
The income on an asset that takes into account the impact of inflation.
REIT
Real Estate Investment Trust. A form of indirect property investment by purchasing shares in a company that owns, manages or finances different types of real estate that produce an income.
Responsible investing
An umbrella term that incorporates a range of practices and approaches in the consideration of key environmental, social and governance (ESG) risks, opportunities and impacts of the investments we make.
Return
The amount by which an investment may change due to a combination of capital growth and/or interest/dividend income. This is normally expressed as a percentage.
Rights issue
A method of raising extra capital through the issue of new equity shares. Existing shareholders can buy new shares in proportion to their current holdings, usually at a discount, or sell their rights to other investors.
Risk
The chance that there might be losses from an original investment, or the return deviates from what is expected.
Risk management
The evaluation and understanding of investment risk, using strategies like diversification to mitigate its negative impact on a financial portfolio.
Risk premium
The amount over and above that of the ‘risk-free’ return. It rewards investors for engaging in investments considered ‘riskier’, for example buying corporate bonds in a company with a higher risk of default.
Risk-free asset
An asset that has a near-zero risk of default and has a defined future return. The most common example is US Treasuries, which are considered ‘safe’ because they are backed by the US government.
RPI
Retail Price Index. The main measure of inflation used for calculating indexation for capital-gains tax and on index-linked gilts and National Savings products.
S
Safe haven asset
Common examples include gold, Treasury bills, cash and certain currencies like the Japanese yen and Swiss franc. They are assets that are expected to at least maintain (or even increase) their value during periods of market volatility.
Sector
Investment trusts similar to each other in scope and objectives, which may have a particular focus on specific assets, regions or countries. A sector also refers to an industry or area of commerce in which a company operates, such as mining.
Securities
A general label for a tradable financial instrument that holds a certain monetary value. Examples include equities and debt instruments (like bonds), and may also include derivatives (like futures).
Share class
A designation given to common stocks or mutual funds that have differing benefits/drawbacks. The intention may be, for example, to attract different types of investors to the same mutual fund. Each share class will have it’s own voting rights, fees and minimum investment amount.
Share class category - Clean/Z
Share class category - Institutional
Share class category - Retail
Share class category - X
Short position
Speculating that the value of an asset will fall.
Short selling
The purchase of a security with the expectation that the underlying asset value will fall over time. This is done by borrowing the security through a short option and selling it before repurchasing at a lower price to return to the lender.
Small-cap
Companies of a relatively small size. In the UK for example, a company with a market value of under £250 million would be considered small. These companies tend to exhibit higher volatility than large- or medium-cap companies, but can offer excellent growth potential.
Sovereign Bonds
Bonds issued by a government to raise money for spending requirements. These can be issued in the country’s local currency or in a foreign currency.
Sovereign debt
A central government’s debt. It is a form of borrowing (either internally or externally) that a government uses to finance growth, typically issued in the form of bonds.
Spread
The spread is the term used to describe the difference between the offer price and the bid price.
Stamp duty
A government tax imposed on the buying of shares and property, which only applies to purchases and not sales. Stamp duty for share purchases is currently 0.5% of the value of the transaction.
Stock
A share of a company held by an individual or group.
Stock exchange
A regulated financial market where traders can buy and sell different kinds of securities.
Style investing
An investment approach that involves rotating between different types of investment, depending on the conditions of the market. The idea is to maximise returns on the basis that certain investments will do well (for example, income stocks) at certain times, while others (for example, growth stocks) will not.
Sub-investment grade bond
Refers to a class of bonds that are considered ‘riskier’ because they have a higher risk of default (and therefore rated lower by ratings agencies like Moody’s). In order to compensate the investor for the risk, they have a higher yield.
Swing factor
The amount (generally expressed as a percentage of the net asset value) that adjusts for the transactional activities of investors within a fund, in order to protect other investors within the fund.
Swing pricing
The adjustment of a fund’s net asset value, which passes on the costs of trading to those investors who are buying or selling within the fund. The measure is designed to protect long-term investors from the costs incurred from the transactional activities of other investors within the fund.
T
TCFD
Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosure
Top down investing
An investment approach that favours taking a macro view of the economy and using this to decide which sectors to invest in, rather than choosing stocks based on individual company performance. As compared to ‘bottom-up investing’.
Total return
The growth in value of a share holding over a specified period, including capital growth, interest, dividends (assuming they are re-invested to buy additional units of the stock) and distributions.
Tracker fund
A fund that aims to replicate the performance of a particular stock market index by buying all or a representative proportion of the stocks within that index. Tracker funds are passively managed.
Transaction cost
The cost involved when buying or selling a good or service. An example would be a broker’s fee.
Treasuries
A debt security issued by the US government. They are generally perceived to have a near-zero risk of default.
U
V
W
Warrants
This gives the holder the right to buy shares at a fixed time in the future for a price that is set when the warrant is issued; however, there is no requirement to do so.
X
Y
Yield
The annual dividend or income on an investment expressed as a percentage of the purchase price.